
THE 



Anthropometric Manual 



OF 



AMHERST COLLEGE, 
iss*?*. 



AMHERST COLLEGE. 



A]sr 



Anthropometric Manual, 

GIVING THE AVERAGE AND 

MEAN PHYSICAL MEASUREMENTS AND TESTS 

. OF MALE COLLEGE STUDENTS. 

AND METHOD OF SECURING THEM. 



Prepared from the Records oe the Department of Physical 
Education and Hygiene in Amherst College, dur- 
ing the years 3S61-2 and 188()-7, inclusive. 



BY DR. E. HITCHCOCK, ASSISTED BY DR. II. II. SEELYE. 

'itc'l 
AMHERST, MASS. : 

J. K. Williams, Book and -Tor. Phintei;. 
Oclol)er, 1887. 







\ 



^h|?1 



In ExcVi. 



CONTENTS. 



DESCRIPTION OF THE TABLES. 



TABLE I. 



Averages of nearly one thousand (888) students made with the datum 
of Height as a Basis. 

TABLE II. 

Measures of the Aveeage Student, being of the Age of 21 years and 
1 month, and the Height of 1725 millimeters, or 67.7 inches. From 
about eight thousand (7988) individuals. 

TABLE Ili, 

Statistics depending upon the Age of the Student as a basis. From 
16 to 26 years inclusive, and derived from 1254 individuals. 

TABLE IV. 

Measures arranged according to the Doctrine of means. From 462 
individuals. 

TABLE V. 

Showing eight items as aeuanged by classes for 25 consecutive years, 
of all the students connected with college, 7988 individuals. 

Methods and details of securing these statistics. 

Methods or testing the Eyes, Ears, Lungs and Heart. 



The following tables are given to the stadeuts of Amherst Col- 
lege bec;iiise the material from which they are made is furnished 
by those who have been connected with the college from 1861-2 
to 18§6-7, and it is but right that they should enjoy the fruit of 
the seed they h.ive sown. Besides this, the question has been not 
infrequently asked "' What is the use of all these measures and 
tests?" and if many will remember the answer that has not infre- 
quently been given : '' Wait till we get these data by the tlious- 
ands and we can then show you what are the form and conditions 
of an average student." 

So now college men are of themselves able to judge whether 
they are up to the standard of the average student, or whether 
they surpass or fall below him in the conditions and characteristics 
offered in these pages. 

The idea of the Tyjncal Man has been in the brain of the anthro- 
pologist for these many years, and in certain classes and conditions 
of society, such as soldiers, sailors, cracksmen, prisoners, and 
others directly under the control of Governments quite approximate 
- results no doubt have been obtained. And yet to nearl}^ all of 
these there is the objection that they are selected classes, and will 
give results which surpass those of the average man, or the " plain 
people " that Mr. Lincoln used to talk about. But it seems fair 
to judge that the New England College Student, averaging about 
21 years of age, who is neither overworked in body or pampered 
by hixurious ease or indulgence, would furnish an average, or a 
mean, that could be used in an Anthropometric study of the Anglo- 
Saxon Race, for a better conclusion than those mentioned. 

And certainly we can say to the student who comes to Amherst 
College that in this pamphlet are facts and data, of both a numer- 
ical as well as a physiological character, which will help him to 
learn his resources, and his relation lo the mass of students in his 
college for the past twenty-five years — and to-day — and to com- 
pare himself with the '' Typical " Student whenever this personage 
is satisfactorily worked out. 

In addition to these tables, there is to be found the detailed 
method of securing these statistics as taken at Amherst College. 

The first beginnings of this scheme or method are to be found 
in the eight items of age, weight, height, chest girth, arm girth, 
forearm girth, lung capacity and pull up, which were secured from 
every student in Amherst College since 1861 till about the year 
1881, when more elaborate and multiplied items were suggested 
by Dr. W. T. Brighara of Boston, which were much better meth- 
odised and arranged by Dr. D. A. Sargent of Harvard College and 
first used here in 1882. 

In 1885 the American Association for the Advancement of 
Physical Education, at a meeting in Brooklyn appointed an Anthro- 
pometric Committee consisting of Dr. D. A. Sargent of Cambridge, 



4 

Dr. E. Hitchcock of Amherst, and Dr. W. G. Anderson of Brook- 
lyn to propose a niiiform method of takuig and securing these 
statistics. At the; meeting of tlie Association in 1886 this report 
was made, accepted and adopted by the Association, a copy of 
which follows the tables in this pamphlet. And it is this method 
which is practically used at Amherst to-day, as the fundamental 
parts of it have been used for the past 26 years. 

The First Table offers to the student the series of measurements 
and tests of men in college who have been exactly of his own height 
— within a centimeter, or al)out half an inch — and with no refer- 
ence to any other bodily characteristic as a standard. This is 
considered a more reliable and unchanging criterion than is that 
of age, weight, or the showhig of means or averages, since bodily 
proportions in the average man will l>e much more controlled by 
height than any other datum. 

When the student is examined by one of the Physicians in the 
Department on his entrance to college, his own record will be 
placed in the blank column of one of the tables, each item of his 
own being inserted directly against the average printed icem, as 
derived from those of his own perpendicular height who have gone 
before him. 

With this ideal at his own immediate command, by many meas- 
ures and tests which he may himself repeat, in many cases at 
least, he can learn if he gains, loses, or remains constant, or he 
may request a repetition of the examination from the Professor 
or his assistant, and thus he can the better know himself all the 
while he is in college, and perhaps through life. 

The Second Table gives results the most comprehensive of all 
the tables offered. This embraces certain statistics secured from 
all the students who linve been connected with the college since 
1861-2. These added together and divided by the number of 
students furnishing them give us an average, or approximate ideal 
of what an- Amherst Student has been for a quarter of a century. 
This table can essentially aid the student by gratifying a general 
desire, common everywhere and to everybody, to know his relation 
to the general average, and whether he be up to or below the 
medium qualification and condition of his associates. 

The Third Table is based entirely upon the element of Age, 
which characteristic is much modified in the individual by both 
present and past surroundings of life. When however combined 
with the history of the man, and his ancestry and circumstances 
bearing upon sanitary matters, it may serve a good purpose in 
predicting the possibilities of longevity, rather than declaring the 
muscular and organic development of the individual. People of 
the same age vary areatly in their bodily proportions, and yet the 
short man may live a long life, and the tall man a short one. And 
it is very natural to want to compare one's self wiih those of his 
own aoe. 



T-A.BLE I- 



ANTHROPOMETRIC TABLE 



ARRANGED BY BODILY HEIGHTS. 



HKIGHX iu m.m. 



I 1600 Itfl O 1620 1630 1 640 1650^1660 1670J6S0J[6}»0 11 00 ITIO 1720 17lO"1740 1750 1760 

t«; HEIGHT in inches. | 63.0 63.4 68.8 64.2 64.6 05.0 65.4 65.7 66.1 66M~^fi.9 67.3 67.3 6W.i 6S.3 6^.0 60.3 09.7 70.1 7i 



1770 1780 1700 1800 INIO 1 S20 1830 

il.U 71.3 71.7 7-2.0 



• WEIGHT. 



60.1 61..-) 61.3 

132.0 13.5.3 134.8 



62.1 62. .5 63. 'J 6d.l 

13G.8 137..5 llO..') 143.0 



67.8 67. S 6.'j.0 6.S.2 6iS.2 68.3 68.3 
149.1 149.1 14'.l.(i IjO.O 1,'iO.O 1.10.7 ,130.7 





Knee. 


425 

111.7 


430 

10.9 


439 
17.3 


442 
17.4 


448 
i7.i; 


448 
17.0 


4oO 

17.7 


454 

17.8 


460 

18.1 


473 

18.0 


474 
18.7 


474 

18.7 


478 

1S.S 


484 

19.0 


486 

19.1 


486 

19.1 


489 

19.3 


494 

19.6 


499 

19.7 


500 

10.7 


504 

19.9 


517 

20.3 


519 

20.5 


525 

20.7 


^ 


Sitting. 


801 

.33..5 


856 

.33.7 


869 
84.3 


8V0 

34.3 


8V9 
34.5 


880 
31.0 


883 

34.7 


884 

34.7 


35.0 


90o 

35.0 


908 
35.7 


908 

35.7 


910 

35.8 


918 

30.1 


918 

30.2 


918 

30.2 


924 

.30.3 


925 

36.4 


925 

30.4 


933 

30.7 


934 

30.7 


937 

'30.8 


939 

37.0 


939 

37.0 


2 ■ 


Pubes. 


397 

31.3 


800 

31.G 


810 
31.9 


812 
32.0 


814 
32.0 


820 

.32.3 


835 
33.0 


839 
33.1 


853 
33.0 


862 
34.0 


863 

34.0 


863 

31.0 


86V 
34.1 


870 

31.3 


874 

34.4 


f<80 

31.0 


886 

31.8 


895 

35.2 


896 

35.2 


899 

36.4 


907 

33.7 


918 
30.1 


919 

S0.2 


921 

30.3 


X 


Navel. 


947 

37.1 


958 

37.8 


962 

37.9 


966 

38.0 


9V4 

38.4 


6V9 

38.5 


983 

38.8 


986 

39.0 


991 

39.0 


1020 

10.2 


1020 

40.2 


1020 

10.2 


1020 

40.2 


1040 

40.9 


1050 

11.3 


1050 

41.3 


1060 

11.7 


1060 
11.7 


1070 
42.1 


1080 

42.5 


1090 

42.3 


1090 

42.9 


1090 

42.9 

1480 

58.3 


1120 

41.1 




Sternum. 


1290 

."iO.S 


1300 

61.2 


1300 
.51.2 


1320 

.53.0 


1330 

52.2 


1340 

52.8 


1350 

53.2 


1350 

53.2 


1360 
5:i.5 


1400 

55.1 


1400 

55.1 


1400 

55.1 


1430 

50.3 


1440 

50.7 


1440 

50.7 


1440 

50.7 


1440 
.56.7 


1150 

57.1 


1450 

.57.1 


1460 

.57.3 


1470 


1480 

5S.3 


1505 
.-,11.1 




' Head. 


559 

22.0 


561 

22.0 


562 

23.1 


562 

22.1 


563 

22.1 


663 

22.1 


565 


565 

22.3 


565 

33.2 


566 

22.2 


571 

23.1 


571 

22.4 


572 

22.5 


572 

33.5 


572 

33.5 


572 

32.5 


573 

23.6 


574 

22.0 


575 

22.6 


576 

22.6 


582 


.5X2 
22.0 


583" 

23.0 

" 356 

14.1 


.^83" 
2:1.1 




Neck. 


335 

13.2 


338 
13.4 


340 

13.4 


345 

14.0 


345 
13.0 


346 

13.0 


347 

13.0 


348 

13.7 


348 

13.7 


350 

13.8 


350 

13.8 


352 

13.9 


353 

13.9 


3o4 

13.9 


354 

14.0 


355 

11.0 


355 

11.0 


355 

14.0 


356 

14.1 


356 

14.1 


356 

14.1 


356 

14.1 


356 

14.1 


% 


Chest Full. 


881 

34.0 


882 

34.7 


888 
.34.9 


900 

35.1 


900 

35.4 


901 

3.5.1 


903 

35.5 


904 

35.5 


905 

35.0 


909 

35.8 


913 

3.5.9 


916 
30.0 


926 

30.4 


930 

30.0 


931 

30.0 


931 

30.0 


931 
30.0 


934 

30.7 


936 

30.8 


936 

30.9 


938 

37.0 


939 

37.0 


953 

37.6 


956 
37.7 




Chest Repose. 


851 

33..i 


852 
.33.0 


854 
33.7 


857 

.33.8 


857 

33.7 


864 

31.0 


865 

34.0 


868 

31.3 


872 

34.4 


872 

34.3 


876 

31.5 


880 
34.0 


887 

34.8 


88T 

34.8 


888 

34.9 


8«9 

35.0 


890 
36.0 


.S90 
35.0 


891 

35.1 


893 

35.1 


894 

36.2 


.S98 

35.3 


S9.S 
36.3 


899 

33.4 




Helly. 


702 703 
27.7 ^27.7 


703 


703 

27.7 


708 

27.8 


709 

28.0 


710 

28.0 


710 
2S.0 


714 
23.1 


722 

28.4 


772 
2S.4 


723 

2S.4 


723 

2S.1 


726 

28.5 


729 

38.7 


731 

3,S.7 


738 

29.0 


738 

29.0 


741 


745 

29.3 


748 

29.4 


748 

29.4 


748 
29.1 


749 

29.3 




Hips. 


860 
33,9 


860 
33.9 


864 
34.0 


864 
34.0 


873 

34.1 


879 

34.0 


881 

34.8 


882 
34.9 


882 

34.9 


881 

31.7. 


886 

31.8 


886 

31.S 


888 

31.9 


895 

35.2 


896 

35.0 


908 

35.7 


912 

36.9 


912 

35.9 


912 

35.8 


916 

30.1 


921 

36.2 


721 

30.2 


922 

36.3 


923 

36.4 


g 


Thigii. 


499 
19.7 


500 

19.7 


500 

19.7 


500 

19.7 


503 

19.8 


503 

19.8 


505 

19.9 


508 
20.0 


516 
20.3 


516 

20.3 


516 
20.3 


517 
20.3 


518 

20.4 


519 

30.6 


520 

20.5 


520 

20.5 


521 

20.5 


522 

30.0 


522 

30.6 


522 

20.0 


523 

20.0 


523 

20.0 


525 

20.7 


528 

20.8 


x^ 


Knee. 


340 
13.4 


340 

13.4 


341 

13.4 


342 

13.5 


343 

13.5 


345 
13.0 


346 

13.0 


347 

13.7 


350 

13.8 


351 

13.8 


353 

13.9 


354 
13.9 


356 
11.0 


359 
14.3 


359 

14.3 


363 

11.3 


364 
11.3 


365 

14.4 


365 
11.1 


366 

11.4 


868 

11.5 


368 

14.5 


368 

14.6 


368 

14.6 


^ 


Calf. 


324 

12.7 


325 

12.8 


332 

13.1 


334 

13.3 


335 

13.2 


836 

18.3 


339 

13.4 


341 

13.5 


344 

13.0 


344 

13.0 


345 
13.0 


346 

13.0 


346 

13.0 


350 

13.8 


350 

13.8 


351 

13.8 


352 

13.9 


352 

13.9 


352 

13.9 


353 
13.9 


353 
13.9 


3.55 
14.0 


355 

14.0 


.355 

14.0 




Instep. 


230 

0.1 


230 

9.1 


231 

9.1 


232 


233 

9.2 


234 

9.3 


234 

9.2 


235 

9.3 


235 

9.3 


236 
9.3 


236 

9.3 


238 

9.4 


240 

0.1 


241 

9.4 


243 

9.5 


243 

9.5 


244 

9.5 


244 

9.5 


2,5 

9.0 


246 

9.0 


246 

9.0 


246 

9.6 


246 

9.0 


246 

9.6 




11. U. Ann contr'ed. 


275 

IO.S 


277 

10.8 


280 

11.0 


280 
11.0 


282 
11.1 


283 
11.1 


285 

11.2 


285 

11.2 


287 

11.3 


287 
11.3 


290 
11.1 


292 

11.5 


293 

11.0 


295 

11.0 


296 

11.0 


296 

11.0 


296 

11.0 


296 

11.0 


297 

11.7 


300 

11.8 


300 

11.8 


300 

11.8 


300 
n.8 


300 

11.8 




Upper Arm. 


246 

9.0 


246 

9.0 


246 

9.0 


250 
9.8 


251 

9.8 


252 

9.9 


25-2 

9.9 


252 

9.9 


255 

10.0 


255 

10.0 


255 

10.0 


255 

10.0 


258 

10.1 


258 

10.1 


259 
10.2 


259 

10.3 


259 

10.3 


259 

10.3 


260 

10.2 


260 

10.2 


260 

10.2 


261 

10.2 


261 


262 

10.3 




Elbow. 


239 

9.4 


239 

9.4 


240 

9.4 


240 

9.4 


240 

9.4 


242 

9.5 


243 

9.0 


243 

9.0 


245 

9.0 


247 

9.7 


247 

9.7 


247 

9.7 


250 

9.8 


250 

9.8 


252 

9.9 


252 

9.9 


252 

9.9 


2.53 

9.9 


253 


254 

10.0 


254 

10.0 


2.VI 
265 

10.4 


266 

10.5 


Ti'i.i'j 




Forearm. 


250 

9.8 


250 

9.8 


250 

9.8 


251 

9.3 


251 

9.8 


252 

9.9 


253 

9.9 


254 

9.0 


256 

10.1 


258 

10.1 


258 

10.1 


259 
10.3 


260 

10.3 


260 

10.3 


261 

10.3 


261 

10.3 


261 

- 10.3 


262 

10.3 


263 

10.3 


264 

10.3 


265 
10.4 


266 

10.6 




^ Wrist. 


160 
0.3 


160 

0.3 


161 
0.3 


161 

0.3 


161 

G.3 


161 
0.3 


161 

0.3 


162 

0.4 


162 

0.1 


163 

0.1 


165 

0.5 


165 


165 

0.5, 


165 

6.5 


166 

0.5 


166 

0.5 


167 

0.0 


• 167 

6.6 


167 

0.0 


168 

0.0 


169 

6.6 


170 

6.7 


170 

6.7 


171 

6.8 





'Head. 


151 

5.9 


151 

5.9 


151 

5.9 


152 

5.9 


152 

6.0 


152 

0.0 


153 
0.0 


153 

6.0 


153 

6.0 


153 

6.0 


153 

6.0 


153 

6.0 


153 

0.0 


153 

6.0 


154 

0.1 


1.54 

6.1 


154 

0.1 


154 

6.1 


154 

6.1 


155 

0.1 


155 

0.1 


156 

0.2 


156 

0.2 


156 

0.2 




Neck. 


1 104 

1 4.1 


104 

4.1 


106 
4.1 


106 

4.1 


106 

4.1 


107 

4.1 


107 

1.3 


107 

1.2 


108 

4.2 


108 
4.2 


108 

4.3 


108 

4.2 


108 

4.2 


109 
4.3 


109 

4.3 


109 

1.3 


109 

4.3 


109 

1.3 


109 

1.3 


109 

1.3 


109 
4.3 


109 

4.3 


109 
4.3 


109 

4.3 




Shoulders. 


1 413 

1 10.2 


416 

loa 


418 
16.4 


419 

16.4 


423 

16.6 


424 

16.6 


429 

16.9 


431 

16.9 


431 

16.9 


431 

10.9 


431 

10.9 


431 

16.9 


432 

17.0 


432 

17.0 


432 

17.0 


433 

17.0 


433 

17.0 


438 

17.2 


438 

17.3 


438 

17.3 


439 

17.3 


439 
17.3 


440 
17.3 


445 

17.5 


Waist. 


1 245 

1 9.0 


245 

9.6 


245 

9.(i 


245 

9.0 


247- 

9.6 


248 

9.7 


'248 

9.7 


250 

9.8 


252 

9.8 


252 

9.8 


■253 

0.9 


253 

9.9 


254 

10.0 


254 

9.9 


254 

9.9 


254 

9.9 


254 

9.9 


256 

10.1 


256 

10.1 


256 

10.1 


256 

10.1 


260 

10.2 


263 

10.3 


263 
10.3 


m 


Hips. 


1 313 


313 

12.3 


315 

12.4 


316 

12.1 


316 

12.1 


316 

12.4 


316 

12.5 


318 

12.3 


320 

12.6 


324 

12.7 


330 

13.0 


332 

13.0 


332 

13.1 


332 

13.1 


335 

13.2 


335 

13.2 


335 

13.2 


335 

13.2 


336 

13.2 


337 

13.3 


340 

13.3 ■ 


341 

13.1 


311 

13.1 


341 

13.1 




N' 1 


1 191 


192 


192 


193 


193 


194 


195 


196 


196 


196 


196 


196 


Ii)7 


198 


198 


109 


199 


200 


200 


201 


201 


205 


206 


206 




1^ IP 


1 7.6 


7.6 


7.6 


7.6 


7.6 


7.0 


7.7 


7,7 
















7.9 


7.9 


7.9 


7.9 


7.9 


T.ff 


8.1 


8.3 


8.a*?^^ 





Shoulder Elbow. 


347 

13.5 


350 

13.8 


351 

13.8 


352 

13.9 


355 

14.0 


356 

14.0 


360 

11.2 


364 

11.3 


364 

11.3 


365 
11.1 


366 
11.1 


368 

14.5 


371 

14.6 


374 

14.8 


375 

14.8 


378 

11.9 


380 

15.0 


381 

15.0 


382 

1.5.1 


893 

15.5 


394 

15.6 


894 

15.6 


395 

15.6 


.396 

16.7 


X 


Elbow Tip. 


430 

16.9 


434 

17.0 


436 

17.1 


438 

17.1 


442 

17.4 


443 
17.1 


445 

17.5 


445 

17.5 


446 

17.5 


4o0 
17.7 


455 

17.9 


lav 

17.9 


460 

18.1 


465 

18.3 


468 

18.3 


468 

18.4 


468 

18.1 


470 

18.5 


475 

18.7 


480 

18.9 


484 

19.0 


485 
10.1 


486 

19.1 


488 

10.2 


Foot. 


242 

9.5 


244 

9.5 


244 

9.5 


244 

9.5 


247 

9.6 


249 

9.8 


252 
0.8 


252 

9.9 


252 

9.9 


253 


256 

10.0 


259 

10.1 


260 

10.2 


264 

10.3 


264 

10.3 


265 

10.1 


265 

10.1 


266 

10.1 


267 

lO.l 


270 

10.0 


273 

10.7 


274 

10.8 


274 

10.8 

'1890 

74.4 


276 

10.9 


H 


Stretch of Arms. 


1660 

05.1 


1690 

00.5 


1690 

00.5 


1690 

O0.5 


1700 

66.9 


1700 

66.9 


1700 

06.9 


1720 
67.7 


1730 

08.1 


1740 

08.6 


1770 

69.7 


IV 70 

09.7 


1780 

70.1 


1810 

71.3 


1810 

71.3 


1810 

71.3 


1810 

71.3 


1810 

71.3 


1820 
71.7 


1850 

72.8 


1870 

73.6 


1880 

71.0 


1890 

71.1 




Horizontal Length. 


1610 
63.4 


1620 

63.8 


1640 

64.0 


1650 

65.0 


1650 

66.0 


1660 

05.1 


1680 

60.1 


1680 
66.1 


1690 

00.5 


IV 00 

66.9 


1750 

08.9 


1V60 

09.3 


IV 60 

09.3 


1770 

69.7 


1770 

69.7 


1770 

69.7 


1770 

69.7 


1780 
70.1 


1780 
70.1 


1790 

70.5 


1790 

70.5 


1790 
70.5 


1820 
71.7 


1840 

72.4 



f Lung 



1.5 1.3 1.4 1.2 



1.2 1.8 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.1 1.3 1.1 



1.3 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.3 1.2 1.2 1.1 r.2 1.1 1.2 



Back. 
Dip. 



a 

a "I Pull up. 

es 



126 

277.2 



126 

277.2 



126 127 

377.3 379.1 



128 

281.6 



130 135 136 137 

386.0 297.0 399.1 301.4 



140 140 

30S.O 308.0 



145 147 147 148 

319.0 32:1.4. 323.4 326.0 



10 10 11 



10 11 10 10 



143 
311.6 



148 149 

325.6 327.0 



150 
330.0 



151' 
.333.2 



160 

333.0 



164 164 164 165 167 168 168 169 171 172 173 174 174 

300.8 .360.8 300.8 363.0 .307.4 :|09.6 .360.0 371.8 '376.2 373.4 380.0 :iS2.8 .3,»2.8 



33 33 33 34 34 



35 

77.0 



35 35 37 



38 

SS.0 



38 

S3.6 



462 

1010.4 



438 

963.6 



455 878 

lOOI.O 831.0 



427 464 

939.4 1020.8 



405 452 459 433 

891.0 99-1.4 1009.8 9.52.0 



457 432 

10054 950.4 



LUNG CAPACITY. 


1 3.45 

1 210.0 


3.51 

215.0 


3.55 

210.0 


8.57 

220.0 


3.64 3.76 3.82 

222.0 230.0 234.0 


3.84 

236.0 


3.87 

237.0 


3.98 

340.0 


3.96 4.00 4.14 4.26 

441.0 250.0 2ol.O 260.0 


4.2V 

260.0 


4.30 4.39 

264.0 208.0 


4.40 

209.0 


4.42 

270.0 


4.57 

279.0 


4.72 4.75 4.75 

290.0 290.0 390.0 


4.89 

297.0 


PILOSITY. 


1 2.2 


2.2 


2.4 


2.5 


2.4 2.4 2.3 


2.2 


2.3 


2.4 


2.2 2.4 1.7 2.5 


2.3 


2.8 2.6 


2.5 


2.2 


2.3 


2.2 2.4 2.6 


2.5 



Note— The "Weight" is recorded in kilos, aniiii pounch. In the series of " Strength " all but ''Pull" and " Bip " are recorded in the same way. " Lung Capacity " is given in litres 

anil in cMc inc/ies : the " Dip " and " Pull Up " the number of times the body is drawn or pushed up : and by " PUosity " is meant the amount of the body which is covered by hair ; supposing 
the surface of the body to be divided into ten parts. .\11 the rest of the measures are expressed in jnillimelers, and in inches. 



It will be observed that the succession of items here is not so 
perfect as it is in the Table of Height, partly because of a smaller 
number of students observed, but mainly owing to the fact that 
age is pi'obably not so good a basis of comparison for the physical 
measurements. 

The Fourth Table is prepared by grouping together the items 
and arranging them by their simple numkiucal quantities. Tak- 
ing for example the item of Height, and placing together the short- 
est student measuring sa}' 1600 m.m., we shall find but a few of 
these. Then selecting those who measui'cd 1610 m.m., we shall 
find a few more individuals, and so on, till we reach a point at 
which the numbers begin to fall ofl" till we reach the very tallest 
persons who will be say 1830 m.m. or six feet, the tallest men. 
This point at which we have found the greatest number of the 
series or the top of a curve is 1724 m.m. or 67.7 inches. This we 
say is the mean or medium height of a student of Amherst College, 
a point, or a criterion, all deviations from which ma}' be regarded 
as deviations from a standard, since it represents the largest actual 
number of objects in this group of charactei-istics. By thus group- 
ing all of the fifty-four items observed the Table No. IV is con- 
structed. Or, if represented b}' an upward curve the lowest and 
highest objects will place themselves at the ends of the curve, and 
the one which has the largest number of rei)resentatives at the top 
of the curve ; the medium or mean will be at the height of the 
curve. 

The Table No. V. is mainly of college interest as showing the 
difference in classes. Of course it is paralleled somewhat with 
Table No. Ill, and corroborated by it. And the fact is shown 
that the growth and increase is more conspicuous during the early 
than the later college years. The physiological truth is also cor- 
roborated that bodily growth is mainly attained before the period 
of majority, as is always recognised in civil law. 

The detailed method of securing these statistics is to be found 
in the report of the Anthropometric Committee of the American 
Association for the Advancement of Physical Education made in 
November, 1886 at Brooklyn, New York, which is in a subsequent 
part of this manual. 



THE 



Anthropometric Card 

OF 

Mr 

at the age of. years, months, made out this day, 



His height is between and Tnillimeters , 

or and...:. inches. 



\ 



Condition of 

Eyes: 

Ears : 
Heart : 
Lungs: 



Muscles : 



Anthropometric Card of 



HEIGHT in m.m. 


1 1600 1610 1620 1630 1640 1650 


1660 

65.4 


1670 

65.7 


HEIGHT in inch's 


1 63.0 


63.4 


63.8 


64.2 


64.6 65.0 


WEIGHT. 


53.9 

118.5 


54.0 

118.8 


54.1 

119.0 


54.5 

119.9 


b4:.l 55.5 

120.3 122.1 


57.3 

127.1 


57.9 

127.3 




Knee. 


425 

16.7 


430 

16.9 


439 

17.3 


442 

17.4 


448 448 

17.6 17.6 


450 

J7.7 


454 

17.8 


H 

|T| 


Sitting. 


851 

33.5 


856 

33.7 


869 

34.3 


870 

34.3 


879 880 

34.5 34.6 


883 

34.7 


884 

34.7 


1— 1 


Pubes. 


397 

31.3 


800 
31.6 


810 
31.9 


812 

32.0 


814 820 
32.0 32.3 


835 

33.0 


839 

33.1 


Navel. 


947 

37.4 


958 

87.8 


962 

37.9 


966 

38.0 


974 679 

38.4 38.5 


983 

38.8 


986 

39.0 




Sternum. 


1290 

50.8 


1300 

51.2 


1300 

51.2 


1320 

52.0 


1330 1340 

52.2 52.8 


1350 

53.2 


1350 

53.2 




'Head. 


559 

22.0 


561 

22.0 


562 

22.1 


562 

22.1 


563 563 

22.1 22.1 


565 

22.2 


565 

22.2 




Neck. 


335 

13.2 


338 

13.4 


340 

13.4 


345 

14.0 


345 346 

13.6 13.6 


347 

13.6 


348 

13.7 




Chest Full. 


881 

34.6 


882 

34.7 


888 

34.9 


900 

35.4 


900 901 

33.4 35.4 


903 

35.5 


904 

35.5 




Chest Repose 


851 

33.5 


852 

33.6 


854 

33.7 


857 

33.8 


857 864 

33.7 34.0 


865 

34.0 


868 

34.2 




Belly. ■ 


702 

27.7 


703 

27.7 


703 

27.7 


703 

27.7 


708 709 

27.8 28.0 


710 

28.0 


710 

28.0 




Hips. 


860 

33.9 


860 

33.9 


864 

34.0 


864 

34.0 


873 879 

34.4 34.6 


881 

34.8 


882 

34.9 


ffl 


Thigh. 


499 

19.7 


500 
19.7 


500 

19.7 


500 

19.7 


503 503 

19.8 19.8 


505 

19.9 


508 

20.0 


h— 1 


Knee. 


340 

13.4 


340 

13.4 


341 

13.4 


342 

13.5 


343 345 

13.5 13.6 


346 

13.6 


347 

13.7 


o 


Calf. 


324 

12.7 


325 

12.8 


332 

13.1 


334 

13.2 


335 336 

13.2 13.2 


339 

13.4 


341 

13.5 




Instep. 


230 

9.1 


230 

9.1 


231 

9.1 


232 

9.2 


233 234 

9.2 9.3 

"282'"" 283 ' 
11.1 11.1 


234 

9.2 

'285 

11.2 


235 

9.3 

285 

11.2 




R.U.Arm c'd. 


275 

10.8 


277 

10.8 


280 

11.0 


280 

11.0 




Upper Arm. 


246 

9.6 


246 

9.6 


246 

9.6 


260 

9.8 


251 252 

9.8 9.9 


252 

9.9 


252 

9.9 




Elbow. 


239 

9.4 


239 

9.4 


240 

9.4 


240 

9.4 


240 242 

9.4 9.5 


243 

9.6 


243 

9.6 




Forearm. 


250 

9.8 


250 

9.8 


250 

9.8 


251 

9.8 


251 252 

9.8 9.9 


253 

9.9 


254 

9.9 


I 


^ Wrist. 


160 

6.3 


160 

6.3 


161 

6.3 


161 
6.3 


161 161 

6.3 6.3 


161 

6.3 


162 

6.4 



Anthropometric Card of 



HEIGHT in mm. | 1680 1690 1700 1710 1720 1730 1740 1750| 


HEIGHT in inch's 


66.1 


66.5 


66.9 


67.3 


67.3 


68.1 


68.5 


68.9 


WEIGHT. 


60.1 

132.0 


61.5 

135.3 


61.3 

134.8 


61.3 

134.8 


61.7 

135.7 


62.1 

136.6 


62.5 

137.5 


63.9 

140.5 




Knee. 


460 

18.1 


473 

18.6 


474 

18.7 


474 

18.7 


478 

18.8 


484 

19.0 


486 

19.1 


486 

19.1 


1— 1 


Sitting. 


891 

35.0 


905 

35.6 


908 

35.7 


908 

35.7 


910 

35.8 


918 

36.1 


918 

36.2 


918 

36.2 


Pubes. 


853 

33.6 


862 

34.0 


863 

34.0 


863 

34.0 


867 

34.1 


870 

34.3 


874 

34.4 


880 

34.6 




Navel. 


991 
39.0 


1020 

40.2 


1020 

40.2 


1020 

40.3 


1020 

40.2 


1040 
40.9 


1050 
41.3 


1060 
41.3 




Sternum. 


1360 

53.5 


1400 

55.1 


1400 

55.1 


1400 

55.1 


1430 

56.3 


1440 

56.7 


1440 

56.7 


1440 

56.7 




'Head. 


565 

22.3 


566 

23.3 


571 

23.4 


571 

22.4 


572 

22.5 


572 

-22.5 


572 

22.5 


572 

33.5 




Neek. 


348 

13.7 


350 

13.8 


350 

13.8 


352 

13.9 


353 

13.9 


354 

13.9 


354 

14.0 


355 

14.0 




Chest Full. 


905 

35.6 


909 

35.8 


913 

35.9 


916 

36.0 


926 

36.4 


930 

36.6 


931 

36.6 


931 

36.6 




Chest Repose 


872 

34.4 


872 

34.3 


876 

34.5 


880 

34.6 


887 

34.8 


887 

34.8 


888 

34.9 


889 

35.0 




Belly. 


714 

28.1 


722 

28.4 


772 

28.4 


723 

28.4 


723 

28.4 


726 

28.5 


729 

28.7 


731 

38.7 




Hips. 


882 

34.9 


884 

34.7 


886 

34.8 


886 

34.8 


888 

34.9 


895 

35.2 


896 

35.6 


908 

35.7 


|T| 


Thigh. 


516 

20.3 


516 

20.3 


516 

30.3 


517 

20.3 


518 

30.4 


519 

30.5 


520 

20.5 


520 

20.5 


H J 


Knee. 


350 

13.8 


351 

13.8 


353 

13.9 


354 

13.9 


356 

14.0 


359 

14.2 


359 

14.2 


363 

14.3 


C!5 


Calf. ^ 


344 

13.6 


344 

13.6 


345 

13.6 


346 

13.6 


346 

13.6 


350 

13.8 


350 

13.8 


351 

13.8 




Instep. 


235 

9.3 


236 

9.3 


236 

9.3 


238 

9.4 


240 

9.4 


241 

9.4 


243 

9.5 


243 

9.5 




R.U.Arm c'd. 


287 

11.3 


287 

11.3 


290 

31.4 


292 

11.5 


293 

11.6 


295 

11.6 


296 

11.6 


296 

11.6 




Upper Arm. 


255 

10.0 


255 

10.0 


255 

10.0 


255 

10.0 


258 

10.1 


258 

10.1 


259 

10.2 


259 

10.2 

252 

9.9 




Elbow. 


245 

9.6 


247 

9.7 


247 

9.7 


247 

9.7 


250 

9.8 


250 

9.8 


252 

9.9 




Forearm. 


1 256 

10.1 


258 

10.1 


258 

10.1 


259 

10.2 


260 

10.3 


260 

10.2 


261 

10.3 


261 

10.3 




^Wrist. 


162 

6.4 


163 

6.4 


165 

6.5 


165 

6.0 


165 

6.5 


165 

5.5 


166 

6.6 


166 

6.5 


— 





















Anthropometric Card of 



HEIGHT iu mm. I 1760 1770 1780 1790 1800 1810 1820 1830 



HEIGHT ill inch's 


69.3 


69.7 


70.1 


70.5 


70.9 


71.3 


71.7 


72.0 


WEIGHT. 


65.1 

143.0 


67.8 

149.1 


67.8 

149.1 


68.0 

149.6 


68.2 

150.0 


68.2 

1.50.0 


68.3 

150.7 


1J873 

150.7 




Knee. 


489 

19.3 


494 

19.6 


499 

19.7 


500 

19.7 


504 

19.9 


517 

20.3 


519 

20.5 


525 

20.7 




vSitting. 


924 

36.3 


925 

36.4 


925 

36.4 


933 

36.7 


934 

36.7 


937 

36.8 


939 

37.0 


939 

37.0 


Pubes. 


886 

34.8 


895 

35.2 


896 

35.2 


899 

35.4 


907 

35.7 


918 
36.1 


919 

36.2 


921 

36.3 




Navel. 


1060 

41.7 


1060 

41.7 


1070 

42.1 


1080 

42.5 


1090 
42.5 


1090 

42.9 


1090 

42.9 


1120 

44.1 




Sternum. 


1440 

56.7 


H50 

57.1 


1450 

57.1 


1460 

57.5 


1470 
57.9 


1480 

58.3 


1480 

58.3 


1505 

59.1 




'Head. 


573 

23.5 


574 

22.6 


575 

22.6 


576 

22.6 


582 

22.8 


582 

22.9 


583 

23.0 


583 

23.1 




Neck. 


355 

14.0 


355 

14.0 


356 

14.1 


356 

14.1 


356 

14.1 


356 

14.1 


356 

14.1 


356 

14.1 




Chest Full. 


931 

36.6 


934 

36.7 


936 

36.8 


936 

36.9 


938 

37.0 


939 

37.0 


953 

37.5 


956 

37.7 




Chest Repose 


890 

35.0 


890 

35.0 


891 
35.1 


893 

35.1 


894 

35.2 


898 

35.3 


898 

35.3 


899 

35.4 




Belly. 


738 

29.0 


738 

29.0 


741 

29.2 


745 

29.3 


748 

29.4 


748 

29.4 


748 

29.4 


749 

29.5 




Hips. 


912 

35.9 


912 

35.9 


912 

35.8 


916 

36.1 


921 

36.2 


721 

36.2 


922 

36.3 


923 

36.4 


w 


Thigh. 


521 

20.5 


522 

20.6 


522 

20.6 


522 

20.6 


523 

20.6 


523 

20.6 


525 

20.7 


528 

20.8 


^ J 

1— 1 


Knee. 


364 

14.3 


365 

14.4 


365 

14.4 


366 

14.4 


868 

14.5 


368 

14.5 


368 

14.5 


368 

14.5 


o 


Calf. 


352 

13.9 


352 

13.9 


352 

13.9 


353 

13.9 


353 

13.9 


355 

14.0 


355 

14.0 


355 

14.0 




Instep. 


244 

9.5 


244 

9.5 


245 

9.6 


246 

9.6 


246 

9.6 


246 

9.6 


246 

9.6 


246 

9.6 




R.U.Arm c'd. 


296 

11.6 


296 

11.6 


297 

11.7 


300 

11.8 


300 

11.8 


300 

11.8 


300 

11.8 


300 

11.8 




Upper Arm. 


259 

10.2 


259 

10.2 


260 

10.2 


260 

10.2 


260 

10.2 


261 

10.2 


261 

10.2 


262 

10.3 




Elbow. 


252 

9.9 


253 

9.9 


253 

9.9 


254 

10.0 


254 

10.0 


254 

10.0 


254 

10.0 


255 

10.0 




Forearm. 


261 

10.3 


262 

10.3 


263 

10.3 


264 

10.3 


265 

10.4 


265 

10.4 


266 

10.5 


266 

10.5 




^ Wrist. 


167 

6.6 


167 

6.6 


167 

6.6 


168 

6.6 


169 

6.6 


170 

6.7 


170 

6.7 


171 

6.8 



10 



Anthropometric Card of 














HEIGHT in m.m. 


1 1600 1610 1620 1630 1640 1650 1660 1670 


HEIGHT in inch's 


1 63.0 


63.4 


63.8 


64.2 


64.6 


65.0 


65.4 


65 7 




fHead. 


151 

5.9 


151 

5.9 


151 

5.9 


152 

5.9 


152 

6.0 


152 

6.0 


153 

6.0 


153 

6.0 


M 


Neck. 


104 

4.1 


104 

4.1 


106 

4.1 


106 

4.1 


106 

4.1 


107 

4.1 


107 

4.2 


107 

4.2 


H 
P 
< < 


Shoulders. 


413 

16.2 


416 

16.3 


418 

16.4 


419 

16.4 


423 

16.6 


424 

16.6 


429 

16.9 


431 

16.9 


Waist. 


245 

9.6 


245 

9.6 


245 

9.6 


245 

9.6 


247 

9.6 


248 

9.7 


248 

9.7 


250 

9.8 


m 


Hips. 


313 

12.3 


313 

12.3 


315 

12.4 


316 

12.4 


316 

12.4 


316 

12.4 


316 

12.5 


318 

12.5 




Nipples. 


191 

7.5 


192 

7.6 


192 

7.6~ 


193 

7.6 


193 

7.6 


194 

7.6 


195 

7.7 


196 

7,7 




'Sh'lder Elbow 


1 347 

13.5 


350 

13.8 


351 

13.8 


352 

13.9 


355 

14.0 


356 

14.0 


360 

14.2 


364 

14.3 


Elbow Tip. 


430 

16.9 


434 

17.0 


436 

17.1 


438 

17.1 


442 

17.4 


443 

17.4 


445 

17.5 


445 

17.5 


Foot. 


242 

9.5 


244 

9.5 


244 

9.5 


244 

9.5 


247 

9.6 ' 


249 

9.8 


252 

.9.8 


252 

9.9 




Stretch Arms. 


1660 

65.4 


1690 

66.5 


1690 

66.5 


1690 

66.5 


1700 

66.9 


1700 

66.9 


1700 

66.9 


1720 

67.7 




Hor'l Length. 


1610 

63.4 


1620 

63.8 


1640 

64.6 


1650 

65.0 


1650 

65.0 


1660 

65.4 


1680 

66.1 


1680 

66.1 




Lungs. 


1.5 

3.3 


1.3 

2.8 


1.4 

3.0 


1.2 
2.6 


1.2 

2.6 


1.3 

2.8 


1.2 
2.6 


1.2, 

2.6 




Back. 


126 

275.0 


126 

277.2 


126 

277.2 


126 

277.2 


126 

277.2- 


127 

279.4 


128 

281.6 


129 

283.8 




Dip. 


10 


7 


8 


9 


8 


6 


7 


6 


Pull up. 


11 


10 


10 


11 


9 


10 


11 


10 




Legs. 


130 

286.0 


143 

314.6 


147 

323.4 


148 

325.6 


149 

327.0 


150 

330.0 


151 

332.2 


154 

338 8 


Forearm. 


33 

72.6 


33 

72.6 


33 

72.6 


34 

74.8 


34 

74.8 


35 

77.0 


35 

77.0 


35 

77.0 




Total. 


462 

1016.4 


463 

1018.6 


438 

963.6 


455 

1001.0 


378 

831.6 


397 

873.4 


363 

798.6 


427 

939.4 


LUNG CAP'TY. 


3.45 

210.0 


3.51 

215.0 


3.55 

216.0 


3.57 

220.0 


3.64 

222.0 


3.76 

230.0 


3.82 

234.0 


3.84 

235.0 


PILOSITY. 


2.2 


2.2 


2.4 


2.5 


2.4 


2.4 


2.3 


2.2 



11 



Anthropometric Card of 



HEIGHT ia m.m. 


1680 1690 1700 1710 1720 1730 1740 1750 


HEIGHT in inch's 


66.1 


66.5 


66.9 


67.3 


67.3 


68.1 


68.5 


68. & 




'Head. 


153 

6.0 


153 

6.0 


153 

6.0 


153 

6.0 


153 

6.0 


153 

6.0 


154 

6.1 


154 

6.1 


W 


Neck. 


108 

4.2 


108 

4.2 


108 

4.2 


108 

4.2 


108 

4.2 


109 

4.2 


109 

4.3 


109 

4.3 


Q 


Shoulders. 


431 

16.9 


431 

16.9 


431 

16.9 


431 

16.9 


432 

17.0 


432 
17.0 


432 

17.0 


433 

17.0 


Waist. . 


252 

9.8 


252 

9.8 


253 

9.9 


253 

9.9 


254 

10.0 


254 

9.9 


254 

9.9 


254 

9.9 


pq 


Hips. 


320 

12.6 


324 

12.7 


330 

13.0 


332 

13.0 


332 

13.1 


332 

13.1 


335 

13.2 


335 

13.2 




Nipples. 


196 

7.7 


196 

7.7 


196 

7.7 


196 

7.7 


197 

7.7 


198 

7.7 


198 

7.8 


199 

7.9 




'Sh'lder Elbow 


364 

14.3 


365 

14.4 


366 

14.4 


368 

14.5 


371 

14.6 


374 

14.8 


375 

14.8 


378 

14.9 




Elbow Tip. 


446 

17.5 


450 

17.7 


455 

17.9 


457 

17.9 


460 

18.1 


465 

18.3 


468 

18.3 


468 

18.4 


Ci5 J 


Foot. 


252 

9.9 


253 

9.9 


256 

10.0 


259 

10.1 


260 

10.2 


264 

10.3 


264 

10.3 


265 

10.4 




Stretch Arms. 


1730 

68.1 


1740 

68.5 


1770 

69.7 


1770 

69.7 


1780 

70.1 


1810 

71.3 


1810 

71.3 


1810 

71.3 




Hor'l Length. 


1690 

66.5 


1700 

66.9 


1750 

68.9 


176U 

69.3 


1760 

69.3 


1770 

69.7 


1770 

69.7 


1770 

69.7 




Lungs. 


1.2 
2.6 


1.1 

2.4 


1.3 

2.8 


1.1 

2.4 


1.1 

2.4 


1.3 

2.8 


1.2 

2.6 


1.2 

2.6 




Back. 


130 

286.0 


135 

297.0 


136 

299.1 


137 

301.4 


138 

303.6 


140 

308.0 


140 

308.0 


140 

308.0 


o 


Dip. 


7 


6 


6 


6 


7 


6 


5 


6 


Pull up. 


10 


10 


9 


9 


10 


10 


8 


7 


P5 


Legs. 


159 

349.8 


160 

352.0 


163 

358.6 


164 

360.8 


164 

360.8 


164 

360.8 


165 

363.0 


167 

367.4 




Forearm. 


37 

81.4 


38 

83.6 


38 

83.6 


38 

83.6 


38 

83.6 


39 

85.8 


39 

85.8 


39 

85.8 




Total. 


464 

1020.8 


434 

954.8 


426 

937.2 


405 

891.0 


452 

994.4 


459 

1009.8 


433 

952.6 


437 

961.4 


LUNG CAP'TY. 


1 3.87 

1 237.0 


3.93 

240.0 


8.96 

241.0 


4.00 

250.0 


4.14 

254.0 


4.26 

260.0 


4.27 

260.0 


4.30 

264.0 


PILOSITY. 


1 2.3 


2.4 


2.2 


2.4 


1.7 


2.5 


2.3 


2.8 



12 



Anthropometric Card of 



HEIGHT in m.m. 


1 1760 1770 1780 1790 1800 1810 1820 1830 


HEIGHT in incn's 


1 69.3 


69.7 


70.1 


70.5 


70.9 


71. S 


71.1 


72.0 




Head. 


154 

6.1 


154 

6.1 


154 

6.1 


155 

6.1 


155 

6.1 


156 

, 6.2 


156 

6.2 


156 

6.2 


ffl 


Neck. 


109 

4.3 


109 

4.3 


109 

4.3 


109 

4.3 


109 

4.3 


109 

4.3 


109 

4.3 


109 

4.3 


f4 


Shoulders. 


433 

17.0 


438 

17.2 


438 

17.2 


438 

17.2 


439 

17.3 


439 

17.3 


440 

17.3 


445 

17.5 


Waist. 


254 

9.9 


256 

10.1 


256 

10.1 


256 

10.1 


256 

10.1 


260 

10.2 


263 

10.3 


263 

10.8 


PQ 


Hips. 


335 

13.2 


335 

13.2 


336 

13.2 


337 

13.3 


340 

13.3 


341 

13.4 


341 

13.4 


341 

13.4 




Nipples. 


199 

7.9 


200 

7.9 


200 

7.9 


201 

7.9 


201 

7.9 


205 

8.1 


206 

8.2 


206 

8.2 




'Sh'lder Elbow 


380 

15.0 


381 

15.0 


382 

15.1 


393 

15.5 


394 

15.6 


394 

15.6 


395 

15.6 


396 

15.7 


w 


Elbow Tip. 


468 

18.4 


470 

18.5 


475 

18.7 


480 

18.9 


484 

19.0 


485 

19.1 


486 

19.1 


488 

19.2 


5 J 


Foot. 


265 

10.4 


266 

10.4 


267 

10.4 


270 

10.6 


273 

10.7 


274 

10.8 


274 

10.8 


276 

10.9 




Stretch Arms. 


1810 

71.3 


1810 

71.3 


1820 

71.7 


1850 

72.8 


1870 

73.6 


1880 

74.0 


1890 

74.4 


1890 

74.4 




Hor'l Length. 


1770 

69.7 


1780 

70.1 


1780 

70.1 


1790 

70.5 


1790 

70.5 


1790 

70.5 


1820 

71.7 


1840 

72.4 




Lungs. 


1.2 

2.6 


1.3 

2.8 


1.2 

2.6 


1.2 

2.6 


1.1 

2.4 


1.2 

2.6 


1.1 

2.4 


1.2 

2.6 




Back. 


141 

310.0 


141 

310.2 


141 

310.2 


142 

3J2.4 


145 

319.0 


147 

323.4 


147 

323.4 


148 

825.6 


H 


Dip. 


5 


5 


5 


5 


5 


5 


6 


6 


Pull up. 


8 


8 


8 


9 


8 


8 


8 


11 




Legs. 


168 

369.6 


168 

369.6 


169 

371.8 


171 

376.2 


172 

378.4 


173 

380.0 


174 

382.8 


174 

382.8 


Forearm. 


39 

85.8 


39 

85.8 


40 

88.0 


41 

90.2 


41 

90.2 


41 

90.2 


42 

92.4 


42 

92.4 




Total. 


457 

1005.4 


432 

950.4 


427 

939.4 


462 

800.4 


426 

937.2 


451 

992.2 


458 

1007.6 


478 

1051.6 


LUNG CAP'TY. 


4.39 

268.0 


4.40 

269.0 


4.42 

270.0 


4.57 

279.0 


4.72 

290.0 


4.75 

290.0 


4.75 

290.0 


4.89 

297.0 


PILOSITY. 


2.6 


2.5 


2.2 


2.3 


2.2 


2:4 


2.6 


2.5 



T.A.BLE III. 



ANTHROPOMETRIC TABLE. 



ARRANGED BY AGES. 



\ A&E IN YEARS, 


10 


17 


IS 


1!» 


■20 


21 


22 


23 


24 


25 


28 


VVEIGHT, 


58.6 


'I-'n 




i;i .11 


i;i .N 


';:;;; 


';^;- 


(;■-'. 1 


6 1.5 


'^aT 


64.8 




ifBody, 


170J 


1 7 -.' 1 


':rr 


^\~\ 


IT-.'l 


'■;■:; 


' I'- 


1 7 ] r, 


'If:' 


1 72.T 


1724 


X 


Steruum, 


134;) 


14117 


1 iii.s 


1403 


14116 


1412 


ll 00 


1J07 


1407 


1444 


1450 


3 


Navel, 




Ill2;l 


I02.S 


1024 


1024 


1022 


1018 


1018 


1040 

40.9 


1043 


1047 


Pulies, 


.S.-)6 


868 


868 


863 


865 


■n'l' 


>i:>\\ 


867 


882 


.S50 


882 


B 


Knee, 


472 

1S.5 


475 


476 


476 


474 


479 


K~, 


473 


481 


489 


493 




Sitting. 


HK7 


897 


897 


903 


9114 


910 


907 


902 


909 


913 


922 




Head. 


.564 


^!';' 


■;i'J 


567 


568 


5", 3 


6 70 


671 


~573" 


5J7 


672 




Neck, 


.■>4l' 


34 2 


;i4(; 


3.) 2 


352 


3611 


356 


357 


368 


360 


374 


1 


Chest Repose, 


.S4.-) 


:»..? 


Slil 


878 


885 
34.J 


902 


k!" 


,s:i(l 


906 


914 


S,s7 


f 


"Clicst Full, 


S8S( 


890 


909 


92o 


928 


936 


938 

30.9 


94 2 


'k!! 


951 


'in 




Belly, 


70-i 
27.7 


705 

27.8 


717 


723 


I'S.S 


739 


738 


743 


!,;,'■,' 


753 


'■{'1 1 




Hips, 


861 

39.9 


8-1 (i 


K77 

.3.1..5 


893 

3.5.2 


893 


899 


903 


900 


911 


905 


922 




Right Thigh, 


601 


506 


507 


614 

20.2 


316 


622 


519 
20.4 


517 


532 


519 
20.4 


625 




Left Thigh, 


493 


.103 


502 


512 

20.1 


511 


519 


617 


514 


623 


322 


531 




Right Knee, 


3.00 


356 


356 


36.S 


358 


360 


373 


354 


361 


'39 


Im 




Left Knee, 


354 


3oa 


355 


358 

14.1 


369 


360 


358 


353 


360 


361 


365 




Right Calf, 


342 


338 


342 


348 


347 


855 


330 


349 


338 


362 


356 


g-| 


Left Calf, 


340 
13.4 


337 


341 
13.1 


347 

13.7 


34 7 
13.7 


34.M 


351 


347 


352 


351 


353 
13.9 


o 


Right Instep, 


238 


238 

9.3 


240 


241 


242 
9.,i 


243 


243 


243 


246 


247 


262 




Left Instep, 


-238 


237 


239 


239 


239 


240 


242 


242 


246 


240 


247 




R. U. Aral conti'cd. 


n'.d 


tf" 


■Jf'.' 


m" 


'u- 


299 


300 


298 


307 


309 


307 




Right Upper Aim, 


247 


'tl 


250 


''T\ 


261) 


265 


267 


267 


267 


267 


266 




Left Upper Arm, 


23a 


242 


247 


257 


254 


257 


237 


263 


262 


262 


262 




Right Elbow, 


244 


244 


247 


250 


252 


254 


262 


251 


254 


256 


254 




Left Elbow, 


239 


241 


244 


245 


24 7 


250 


24!) 


24 6 


-'■"'- 


249 


253 




Right Forearm, 


1i!o 


258 


260 


262 


263 


266 


265 


260 
10.2 


26.S 


271 


267 




Left Forearm, 


247 


248 


253 

9,9 


265 


258 


269 


258 


269 

10.0 


264 
10.3 


262 

10.2 


260 




Right Wrist, 


165 


163 


166 


165 


165 


166 


165 


166 


167 


167 


170 
6.7 




Left Wrist, 


164 


162 


164 


163 


163 


164 


163 


164 


166 


165 


167 

0.0 




Head, 


162 


1,53 


153 


153 


154 


154 


154 


166 


164 


186 


163 


a 
b 


ISeck, 


106 


105 


106 


107 


109 


108 

4.3 


108 


108 


109 


109 


111 


Shoulders, 


410 


424 


422 


428 


431 

li;.9 


437 


436 


430 


441 


443 


446 


6^ 


Waist, 


244 


244 


248 


250 


258 


265 


234 


2111 


26.1 


263 


203 


;a 


Hips, 


320 


320 


320 


324 


324 


32V 


327 


32 V 


332 


332 


3.33 




Nipples, 


185 


189 


198 


194 


198 


202 


201 


202 


206 


204 


214 


r D- w u-iK 


370 


373 


372 


371 


371 


373 


372 


374 


378 


369 

378 
14.9 


387 




"'S""^'"""' 


i4.e 


U.7 


14.0 


14.6 


14.6 




14.0 


14.7 


14,9 






Left Elbow, 


366 

14..1 


370 


370 


3V0 


3V0 

14.0 


3V1 
14.0 


370 


•6 la 

14.8 


3V8 


15.0 


■jj 


Right Elbow Tip, 


438 


461 


466 


459 
is.o 


459 

18.0 


460 


469 


463 


46o 
18.3 


469 


466 


b ■ 


Lett Elbow Tip, 


437 


457 


460 


459 
is.o 


458 


469 


459 


460 

18.1 


464 

18.2 


45V 


463 

IS.2 


Right Foot, 


260 


260 

10.2 


258 


269 


259 


261 

10.2 


269 

10.0 


258 


264 


261 


263 
10.3 


-3 


Left Foot, 


259 


259 


268 


259 


268 


260 


2.-)9 


2oV 


263 


260 


263 




Stretch of Arms, 


1770 


1774 


1780 


1780 


1781 


1778 


1779 


1797 


1802 


1826 


1833 




Horizontal, 


1722 


1732 


1733 


1732 


1736 


173V 


1731 


1V31 


IV 03 


1V42 
0S.5 


1770 




f Lungs, 


1.1) 


1.3 


1.3 


\-^ 


1.3 


1.4 


1.3 


1.3 


1.4 


1.4 
3.03 


1.3 

2.66 


J 


•Back, 


123 


120 


129 


183 


137 

301 


142 


134 


141 


144 


143 


141 
310 




Dip, 


2.8 


4.5 


5.6 


6.3 


7.1 


7.3 


7.1 


7.4 


7.4 


8.0 


6.0 


b 


Pull Up, 


7.9 


8.0 


9.3 


9.6 


10.0 


10.1 


10.3 


10.0 


9.0 


10.7 


8.8 


a 


^Legs, 


145 


144 


157 

345 


164 


164 

300 


176 

387 


169 


163 


166 

365 


43.7 

90.1 




V: 


Right Forearm, 


33.5 


35.6 


37.2 


38.9 


39.0 


40.9 


40.9 


41.3 


42.4 


42.5 
93.5 




Lett Forearm, 


33.5 


37.1 


34.3 


37.8 


40.5 


40.0 


38.6 


36.0 


39.6 


38.3 


39.1 




Total Strength, 


372 


379 


423 


436 


467 


471 


464 


445 


450 


421 


477 


/I 


.UNG CAPACITY, 


3.82 

•>35 


4.03 


4.03 


4.33 


4.30 


4.32 

263 


4.29 


4.33 


4.3V 

207 


4.63 

2S3 

2.60 


4.44 
272 


'ILOSITY. 


2.27 


2.24 


2.44 


2.21 


2.34 


2.46 


2.02 


2.32 


2.64 


2.30 



For Explanation see " Note " under Table II. 



12 



13 



T^A-BLE II. 



The Average Student as gathered from 7988 individuals in 
Amherst College between 1861-2—1885-6. 



Met- 
ric. 



Eng- 
lish. 



Met- 
ric. 



En(J- 

LISH. 





ICilos. 


Pounds. 




m. m. 


Inches. 


Weight. 


61.2 


134.6 


Xl 


' Head, 


155 


6.1 




m.m. 


Inches. 


K 


Neck, 


108 


4.2 


^ fBody, 


1725 


67.7 


Q J. 


Shoulders, 


430 


16.9 


^ Sternum, 


1410 


55 5 


<^ 


Waist, 


257 


10.1 


K Navel, 


1030 


40.6 


S 


Hips, 


323 


12.7 


h-i 


Pubes, 


860 


33.9 




^Nipples, 


198 


7.8 


w 


Knee, 


476 


18.7 








M 


^ Sitting, 


903 


35.5 


'A 


Sh'lder Elbows. 


370 


14.6 








ffl 


Elbow Tips, 


464 


18.2 




^Head, 


572 


22.5 


'%■ 


Feet, 


260 


10.2 




Neck, 


349 


13.8 


Arm Stretch, 


1780 


70.1 




Chest Repose, 


880 


34.6 


w 


Hor. Lenoth, 


1730 


68.1 




Chest P^ill, 


922 


36.3 


P-5 ^ o ' 






!Xi 


Belly, 
Hips, 


724 
893 


28.4 
35.1 


Lung Capacity. 


Liters. 

2.96 


Cub. In. 

242.5 




Thighs, 

Knees, 

Calves, 


515 
355 

345 


20.3 
14.0 
13.6 


CO 


' Lungs, 
Back, 


Kilos. 

1.0 
147 

Times. 


Ponnds. 

2.20 
323.4 


Insteps, 


241 


9.4 


< 


Chest Dip, 


6 






R. U. Arm cont'd, 


295 


11.6 


Chest Pull, 


9 






Upper Arms, 


257 


10.0 


w 

^ 


Leofs, 


Kilos. 

185 


Pounds . 

407.0 




Forearms, 


260 


10.2 


CO 


Forearms. 


39 


85.8 




Elbows, 


249 


9.8 


^ ' . 


Part of 






^Wrists, 


163 


6.4 




Pilosity, 


Body. 

2.25 





T^BLE OF ME^lSrS. 



WEIGHT, 


60.5 

133.1 




Left Forearm, 


260 

10.2 




Body, 


1724 

67.7 


Right Wrist, 


160 

6.3 


r/ 


Sternum, 


1420 

55.9 


Left Wrist, 


160 

6.3 


H 

M 


Navel, 


1020 

40.2 


XI 

Q 


Head, 


150 

5.9 


Pubes, 


860 

33.9 




Neck, 


100 

3 9 


K 


Knee, 


475 

18.7 




Shoulders, 


430 

16 9 




^ Sitting, 


908 

35.7 






Waist, 


250 

9.8 




Head, 


560 

22.0 


Hips, 


325 

12.8 




Neck, 


350 

13.8 


Nipples, 


200 

7.9 




Chest Repose, 


890 

35.0 




' Right Sh'lder Elbow, 


370 

14.6 




Chest Full, 


940 

87.0 






Left Sh'lder Elbow, 


370 

14 6 




Belly, 


740 

29.1 






Right Elbow Tip, 


455 

17 9 




Hips, 


900 

35.4 






Left Elbow Tip, 


445 

17 5 




Right Thigh, 


520 

20.5 






Right Foot, 


260 

10.2 




Left Thigh, \ 510 

° ' 1 20.1 






Left Foot, 


255 

10.0 




Right Knee, 


350 

13.8 






Stretch of Arms, 


1781 

70 1 




Left Knee, 


350 

13.8 






Horizontal, 


1740 

68.5 


Right Calf, 


340 

13.4 








si 

H 
^ < 

X 


' Lungs, 


1.5 


Left Calf, 


340 

13.4 


3.30 




Back, 


150 




Right Instep, 


240 

9.4 






Chest Dip, 


6 




Left Instep, 


240 

9.4 






Chest Pull Up, 


10 




R. U. Arm contr'ed. 


290 

11.4 






Legs, 


170 




Right Upper Arm, 


270 

10.6 






Right Forearm, 


40 




Left Upper Arm, 


250 

9.8 






Left Forearm, 


35 




Right Elbow, 


250 

9.8 






Total Strength, 


470 




Left Elbow, 


250 

9.8 








LUNG CAPACITY, 


4.3 




Right Forearm, 


270 

10.6 


267 




PILOSITY. 1 2 



15 

TABLE OF COLLEGE GLASSES. 



^a 






ros I; 



a.3s 

5^ 



p; cS © 

CO rt>S 



Wag 

C3 DO ^ 



CO Qi 

^ « ^ 



Eh =S 



O 



Ph o ® 
-^ fl * 
O '^ •* 



Hlfl 



22-4 



21-10 



141.88 
64.55 



67.96 

1726 



140.59 

63.77 



67.86 

1724 



35.88 
35.61 

904 



11.78 

299 



11.72 

298 



11.07 

280^ 

11.07 

280 



252.0 
250.0 

4.10 



10.99 



Seniors. 



11.12 



Juniors. 



20-3 



188.24 

62.70 



67.61 
1717 



35.50 

902 



11.70 
297 



10.93 

278 



249.9 

4.09 



10.35 



Sopliomores. 



19-2 



132.99 

60,32 



67.40 

1712 



34.35 

878 



10.99 

279 



10.40 

264 



239.5 

3.97 



8.65 



Freshmen. 



ANTHROPOMETRIC MEASUREMENTS. 

Number. — lu order to secure privacy tlie individual should be 
entered in the record book by number. As a means of identifica- 
tion the number can be entered m an alphabetical index book 
opposite the corresponding name, as : 

Smith, John H., 526. 

For further convenience it is advisable to enter the name in a 
numerical index book opposite the corresponding number, as : 
526, John H. Smith. 

Date. — Record the year, month, day and hour, as: Jan., '86, 
12, 9 A. M. Where perfect accuracy is desired, note should be 
made of the time that has elapsed since eating, the occupation of 
previous hours, and of the temperature of the room. 

Age. — Record years aud months, as: 21, 9, i. e., twenty-one 
years and nine months. 

Weight. — The weight of the body should be taken without 
clothes. Where this is impracticable the weight of the clothes 
should be deducted. 

Height. — The height should be taken without shoes and with 
the head uncovered. The head and figure should be held easily 
erect, aud the heels together. This position is best secured by 
bringing the heels, the buttocks, the spine between the shoulders 
and the back of the head, in contact with the measuring rod. 

Height of Knee. — The subject should place one foot on a box 
or chair of such a height that the knee is bent at a right angle. 
A box about 12 in. hi&h is suitable for adults. Press a ruler 



16 

upwards with a force of about one pound against the bam string 
tendons close t(j the calf of tlie leg. See that the ruler is held in 
a position at right angles to the vertical rod, and measure the 
height of the top o( the ruler from the box. 

Height Sitting. — Lei the subject sit on a hard, flat surface 
about 12 inches high, such as afforded by a box or chair, with the 
head and figure easily erect so that the measuring rod will touch 
the body at the buttocks, between the shoulders, and at the back 
of the head. Measure the distance from the box to the vertex. 

Height of Pubes. — With the subject standing easily erect on 
the box or floor, measure up to the lower edge of the pubic bone. 

Height op Crotch. — With the subject standing easily erect on 
the 1)ox or floor facing the vertical rod, press a ruler firmly against 
the perineum (crotch) and measure the height of the top of the 
ruler. 

Height op Navel. — With the figure and head of the subject 
erect, measure the height of the centre of the cicatrix. 

Height of Sternum. — With the figure and head of the subject 
erect, measure the height of the interclavicular notch. 

Girth of Head. — This measurement should be taken around 
the head with the tape at the upper edge of the eye brows, over 
the supra orbital and occipital prominences. All girths should be 
made on the skin itself and at right angles to the axis of the body 
or limb at the point of measurement. No oblique measurements 
are taken. 

Girth of Neck. — With the head of the subject erect, pass the 
tape around the neck half way between the head and body, or 
just below the "■' Adam's apple." 

Girth of Chest. — Pass the tape around the chest so that it 
shall embrace the scapulae and cover the nipple. The arms of the 
subject should be held in a horizontal position while ihe tape is 
being adjusted and then allowed to hang naturally at the sides. 
Take the girth here before and after inflation. 

Where it is desirable to test the elasticity or extreme mobilit}' 
of the walls of the chest, a third measurement may be taken after 
the air has been forced out and the chest contracted to its greatest 
extent. To test the respiratory power, independent of muscular 
development, pass the tape around the body below the pectora 
line and the inferior angles of the scapulae, so that the npper edge 
shall be two inches below the nipples. Take the girth here before 
and after inflation. 



17 

Girth of Waist. — The waist should be measured at the small- 
est part after a natural expiration. 

Girth op Hips. — The subject should stand erect with feet 
together. Pass the tape around the hips above the pubes over 
the trochanters and the glutei muscles. 

Girth op Thighs. — With the feet of the subject about six 
inches apart, the muscles set just enough to sustain the equilib- 
rium of the body and the weight distributed equally to each leg 
in gluteal fold, measure around the thigh just below the nates. 

GiRTPi OF Knee. — With the knee of the subject straight and 
the weight of the body equally supported on both legs, measure 
over the centre of the patella. 

Girth of Calf. — With the heels down and the weiL'ht of the 
body supported equally on both feet, the tape should be placed 
around the largest part of the calf. 

Girth of Instep. — Measure around the instep at right angles 
with the top of the foot, passing a point at the bottom of the foot 
midway between the end of the great toe and back of the heel. 

Girth op Upper Arm. —With the arm of subject bent hard at 
elbow, firmly contracting the biceps and held away from the body 
in a horizontal position, pass the tape around the greatest promi- 
nence. If desirable to find the girth of the upper arm when the 
biceps is not contracted, the arm should be held in a horizontal 
position and measured around the most prominent part. 

Girth of Elbow. — Taken around the internal condyle of the 
humerus while the arm of the subject is straight, with the muscles 
of the forearm relaxed. 

Girth op Forearm. — Taken around the largest part. The fist 
should be firmly clinched and the palm of the hand turned upward. 

Girth op Wrist. — With the hands of the subject open and the 
muscles of the forearm relaxed, measure between the styloid 
process and the hand. 

Breadth of Head. — The breadth of head should be taken at 
the broadest part. In taking the breadth measurements, stand 
behind the subject. 

Breadth op Neck. — Taken at the narrowest part with the head 
of the subject erect and the muscles of the neck relaxed. 

Breadth of Shoulders. — With the subject standing in a nat- 
ural position, elbows at the sides, shoulders neither dropped for- 
ward nor braced backward, measure the broadest part two inches 
below the acromion processes. 



18 

Breadth of Waist. — Taken at the narrowest part. 

Breadth op Hips. — Measure the widest part over the troch- 
anters, while the subject stands with feet together, the weight 
resting equally on both legs. 

Breadth of Nipples. — Taken from centre to centre with the 
chest in a natural position. 

Depth of Chest. — Taken after a natural inspiration. Place 
one foot of the calipers on the sternum midway between the 
nipples, and the other foot on the spine at such a point that the 
line of measurement is at right angles with the axis of the spinal 
column. When it is desirable to ascertain the extent of the^ ante- 
ro-posterior movement of the chest, measurements may be taken 
from the same points after the fullest inspiration and after the 
fullest expiration. 

Depth of Abdomen. — Place one foot of the calipers immedi- 
ately above the navel, th'C other on the spine at such a point that 
the line of measurement is at right angles to the axis of the spinal 
column. 

Length of Shoulder to Elbow. — With the arm of the subject 
bent sharply at the elbow and held at the side, measure from the 
top of the acromion process to the olecranon. Care should be 
taken that the measuring rod is parallel with the humerus and not 
with the external surface of the arm. 

Length from Elbow to Finger Tip.- — With the arm of the 
subject bent sharply at the elbow and the rod resting on back of 
arm and hand, measure from the olecranou process to the tip of 
the middle finger. 

Length of Foot. — Take the extreme length of foot from the 
end of the first or second toe to the back of the heel, about one 
inch from the surface upon which the foot rests. 

Stretch of Arms. — With the arms of subject stretched out 
horizontally so that both hands and shoulders are in a line, with 
one middle finger and the zero end of the measuring rod pressed 
against the wall, note the point to which the other middte finger 
tip reaches. 

Horizontal Length. — With the heels of the subject pressed 
hard against a perpendicular wall, with arms at the sides and body 
resting naturally on a horizontal plane, measure the distance of 
the apex of the head from the wall. 

Capacity of Lungs. — The subject after loosening the clothing 



19 

about the chest and taking a full inspiration, filling the lungs to 
iheir utmost capacity, should blow slowly into the spirometer. 
Two or three trials may be allowed. 

Expiratory Strength. — As before, the subject after loosening 
the clothing about the chest and filling the lungs completely, 
should blow with one blast into the manometer. Care should be 
taken that no air is allowed to escape at the sides of the mouth, 
and that in expelling the air all the muscles of expiration are 
brought into play. 

Strength of Back. — The subject, standing upon the iron foot- 
rest, with the dynometer so arranged that when grasping the 
handles with both hands his body will be inclined forward at an 
angle of 60°, should take a full breath and without bending the 
knees, g^ive one hard lift, mostly with the back. 

Strength of Legs. — The subject while standing on the foot- 
rest with body and head erect, and chest thrown forward, should 
sink down, by bending the knees, until the handle grasped rests 
against the thighs, then taking a full breath, he should lift hard 
px'incipally with the legs, using the hands to hold the handle in 
place. 

Strength of Chest. — The subject with his elbows extended at 
the sides until the forearms are on the same horizontal plane and 
holding the dynometer so that the dial will face outward and the 
indicator point upward, should take a full breath and push vigor- 
ously against the handles, allowing the back of the instrument to 
press on the chest. 

Strength of Upper Arms, Triceps. — The subject, while hold- 
ing the position of rest upon the parallel bars, supporting his 
weight with arms straight, should let the body down until the 
chin is level with the bars, and then push it up again until the 
arms are fully extended. Note the number of times that he can 
lift himself in this manner. 

Strength of Upper Arms, Biceps. ^ — The subject should grasp 
a horizontal bar or pair of rings and hang with the feet clear from 
the floor while the arms are extended. Note the number of times 
that he can haul his body up until his chin touches the bar or 
ring. 

Strength of Forearms. — The subject, while holding the 
dynamometer so that the dial is turned inward, should squeeze the 
spring as hard as possible, first with the right hand then with the 



20 

left. The strength of the muscles between the shoulders may be 
tested with the same instrument. The subject, while holding the 
dynamometer on a level with the chest, should grasp it with hand- 
les and pull with both arms from the centre outward. 

Total Strength. — The Total Strength is purely an arbitrary, 
and relative, rather than an actual test of strength as its name 
would indicate. And while confessedly imperfect, it seems decid- 
edly desirable that there should be some method of comparison 
which does not depend entirely on lifting a dead weight against 
gravity, or steel springs. 

The bodily weight is multiplied by the sum of the "Dip and 
Pull." (This is divided by ten simnly to prevent too great a num- 
ber of figures in the calculation.) To this is added the strength of 
back, the strength of legs, the average of the forearms, and the 
lung strength. The sum is the Total Strength. 

For example, the vreight of No. is 64.6 kilos. The Dip 

is 11, the Pull 12—23. The Back Strength is 125, the Leg 
Strength 150, the Forearms 40 and the Lungs 1.4. Or, 64.6X23 
^10+125+150+40+1.4=464.9. 

FiLOSiTY. — Note the amount of hair on the body and limbs, 
exchiding the head, face and pubes. 

Color of Hair. — Light (Very Fair, Fair, Light Brown, Brown), 
Dark (Dark Brown, Black Brown, Black). Red (Red Brown, 
Red, Golden). 

Color of Eyes. — Light (Dark Blue, Blue, Light Blue). DarTc 
(Light Brown, Brown, Dark Brown, Black). Mixed (Gray, 
Green). 



DIRECTIONS FOR TESTING THE REFRACTIVE CONDI- 
TION OF THE EYE. 

PREPARED BY DR. H. H. SEELYE. 

Procure of any optician two pairs of spectacles, one with convex 
glasses. No. +.75 Dioptric (equal to No. +.48 in the old or English 
system), and the other with coilcave glasses. No. — .75 Dioptric. 
Also obtain a copy of Monoyer's test letters (a card of Dr. Den- 



^1 

nett*s modification of Monoyer's test type may be procured of 
Meyrowitz Bros., opticians, 295 and 297 Fouith Ave.. New York 
City), to be hung up at 5 meters distance, and a copy of Green's 
astigmatic lines, in tlie form of a clock face, to be luing up at the 
same distance. 

Test:— Seat the subject at a distance of tive meters from tlie 
test cards, which should be hung in a good light. Examine encli 
eye separately, keeping the other covered by a card or small hook 
held in front of, but not touching it. Never press the fingers 
against the closed lid. 

There are ten lines of letters on the test cai'd, numbered from 
.1, .2, .3, etc.. up to ten lOths or 1. If now the subject can read 
the top line, the smallest letters on the card, with the right eye 
(R.E.) alone, his vision (V.) is recorded as ten lOthsor 1. (V.K.E. 
=:1.) If he sees nothing clearly above the fifth line from the l»ot- 
tom, but can read that correctly, then V.R.E.=:.5. If he cannot 
read any of the lines, then V.R.E.:=0, (^. e. less than one-lOth). 
Whatever the vision without glasses may prove to be, always next 
put on the convex spectacles and again cover the other eye. If 
now he can still with the right eye see as well or l)etLer than with 
no glasses at all, and can read the same line as before, he is 
Hypermetropic (H.) in that eye. For example, if without glasses 
it was found that V.R E.^.5, and now alter adding the convex 
glass his V. is improved to .8, the record would be V.R.E.:=.5, 
-j-H.:::=.8. But if the vision is neither improved nor made worse 
by the convex glass, tlie record will be thus : V.R.E.=:.5,-j-H.=: 
.5. If the convex glass can be used at all without decreasing the 
vision, no further testing with this card is needed; the subject is 
hypermetropic in that eye. 

If it is found that the vision of the right eye equals 1. without 
glasses, and then the addition of the convex glasses blurs the let- 
ters, the eye is Emmetropic, that is, the vision is normal (V.R.PL 
=1.). 

If, however, the vision without glasses is less than 1 ., for iiistance 
only .3, and the convex glasses make even that line more indis- 
tinct, then put on the concave glasses. If now the vision is 
improved so that a higher line can be read, for instance the eighth 
from the bottom, the eye is Myopic, or " near sighted," and the 
record will be V.R.E.^.3,-|-Myr=.8. Or again, if the vision 
without glasses in the left eye is found to be .7 and then with tlie 

4 



22 

concave glass the top liue can be read, the record v,\\\ stand thus : 
V.R.E.rr:.7,-|-My.=:l. After testing each eye separately, place 
the record of one above the other, for example thus : 
( V.R.E. = 1. 
|V.L.E.=.6,-1-My.=.9. 

This completes the testing for simple hypermetropia, myopia 
and emmetropia. 

After testing the eyes as above, if the vision has not yet been 
made perfect in either, leave on the proper correcting glass, the 
convex if there is hypermetropia, or the concave if there is myopia, 
or use no glass if there is neither ; then direct the subject's attention 
with that eye tilone, the other l)eing covered, to the card of "radi- 
ating black lines. If he sees one or more of the lines running in 
any direction clearer or blacker than those at right angles to them, 
he is shown to be astigmatic. Either the perpendicular or the 
horizontal lines usually appear the blacker to the astigmatic per- 
son. If the previous record was V.R.E. = .7 and this defect is 
found, then it will be V.R.E.=i:.7,-f-As. Or if before it read : 
V. L.E.^.3,-j-My. = .6. and astigmatism is found, it will read. 
V.L E.r=.3,-|-My.=r:.6,-j-As. Astigmatism may exist either alone 
or in combination with My. or H. If alone we might have a record 
thus : V.R.E.=r.6,-|-As. ; V.L.E. = .4,-|-As.. or il'with hypermetro- 
piathus:V.K.E.— -.7,+H. = 7,-f-As. ; V.L.E.=:.6,+H. = .8,+As. 

To recapitulate, in brief ; if it is found that V.R.E.:rrl, then the 
R.E. is either Emmetropic or Hypermetropic. If emmetropic, the 
convex glass will markedly impair the vision : if hymermetropic 
it will not. It the V.R.E. = .9 or less, then the R.E. is either 
hypermetropic, myopic, astigmatic or ambl3opic. 

1st. If it is H. the the convex glass will not greatly impair the 
vision. 

2nd. If it is My. the concave glass will improve V. 

3rd. If it is As. one of the radiating lines is blackest. 

ith. If neither of these defects exists and the V. is less than .7 
then Amblyopia or partial blindness may be recorded. It may 
read thus : V.L.E.rr:.6,-f-Ara. 

Caution. — Always try the convex glass. Never try the concave 
unless the convex glass blurs the vision. 

In the foUoveing cases the subject should be recommended to 
consult an oculist concerning the advisability of wearing glasses : 
If the vision without any glasses is less than .4 in either or both 



23 

eyes ; if he complains of weak, watery or painful eyes, especially 
in reading, and any degree of hypermetropia or astigmatism is 
found to exist. 

Directions for Testing the Colok Sense. 

A I'eliable set of test worsteds of different colors may be pro- 
cured for $1.2.5 of N. D. Whitney, 129 Tremont St.. l^>oston. 
Among these will be found three large test skeins colored light 
green, purple (pink or rose), and bright red. To make the exam- 
ination, spread all the worsteds out on a white cloth placed upon 
a table. First lay the green test skein a little to one side of the 
others, and then tell the subject to throw out of the pile and lay 
along side of the test skein all the lighter and darker shades of 
that color, or all the skeins containing a shade of that color in 
any degree. Avoid naming the color ''green" to him. If he 
throws out only shades of green or light blue his color sense is 
normal (C.S.N.) and the test is completed. But if in addition he 
throws out light grays, or any other shade of gray, or light yel- 
lows, salmons, or pinks, he is color-blind. It he handles or fum- 
bles over those shades a good deal and hesitates, as if in doubt 
about them, but yet does not throw them out, he probably has 
"■feeble color sense" (C.-'^F.). The examiner in these cases 
must use his judgment in making a certain amount of allowance 
for the stupidity of some persons in understanding what is wanted, 
especiall}' in the young and uneducated. 

If the subject is found to be color-blind, next lay down the 
purple or rose-colored test-«kein, in place of the green, in order 
to determine the nature of the defect. Now tell him to throw out 
all the different shades of that color. If he only throws out pinks 
and light reds and shades approaching these he is only partly 
color-blind. (P.C.B.) But if he throws out decidedly bluish 
purples, blues, violets, greens, or grays, he is completely color- 
blind. (C.C.B. I Completely red blind if he throws out the blues, 
violets, etc., or green blind if the grnys or greens. 

No further testing is need, d, but as a matter of curiosity and to 
prove the result, the I'ed test skein may next be tried in the same 
way. If he matches with it bi'owns or greens and graj's he is com- 
pletely color-blind. Dark brown or green if red blind, and light 
brown or areeu if oreen blind. 



24 

li is not ivnpoitHut to record vvliethei' the complete color-blind- 
ness is red or green blindness. The following classes may be 
recorded : — Color sense normulrrzCS.N. ; Color sense feeble=3 
C.S.F. ; Partial color-blindnessz^P.C.B. ; Complete color-blind- 
ness^C.C.B. ^ 

Color-blind individuals should be warned against engaging in 
any occupation where tiiis defect would prove dangerous or incon- 
venient. 

Directions fok Testing the Condition of the Ears. 

Use an ordinary watch and a tuning fork, letter A. or C, as 
tests. Seat the snbject with his right side toward you, and then 
while the room is perfectly quiet, see how far off he can hear the 
watch tick. Having previously learned by a few experiments 
what is the furthest distance at which the tick can be heard by 
normal ears, make that number of inches the deiiominator of a 
fraction, and the hearing distance of each person examined there- 
after the numerator. Having found the normal distance (=:H.D.) 
to be, for instance, about sixt}' inches, and that of the subject 
now examined to be, say forty inches, his record for the right ear 
would then be: H.D.R.K.=|i]. If it had been |g or 1, the ear 
would be normal. 60 would show an abnormally acute sense of hear- 
ing. If the watch could only be heard while in contact with his 
ear, it would be recorded: H.D.R.E.^^,. If qot heard at all, 
then H.D.R.K.rr:"),. Next test the left ear in the same way. Voice 
sounds in talking will often be easily heard by persons quite deaf 
to the watch tick, so the latter is not always a reliable practical 
test. 

Suppose we have found H.D.R.E — |g, H.D.L.E.=1, this im- 
plies some deafness in the right ear, and the tuning fork will now 
help us to decide whether the cause lies in some defect of ■ the 
auditory nerve or internal ear, or in the external or middle ear or 
Eustachian tube. Strike the fork against some solid substance, 
and then place the end of the handle against or between the sub- 
ject's front teeth. If both ears are normal he will probably seem 
to hear the ringing of the fork equally well in both ears. But if 
there is a defect in one ear he will either seem to hear it louder or 
more feebly in the affected ear. If, as in the case we are examin- 
ing, the fork is heard best in the deaf ear, this tells us that the 
deafness is due to some defect in the more external parts of the 



25 

orgau, and it cau probably be corrected by appropriate treatment. 
Bat if it is lieard best in tlie good ear, it goes to prove tliat tlie 
defect in tlie other ear is nKjre deeply seated and cannot probably 
be greatly benefited by treatment. This eit'ect of the tuning fork 
is contrary to what would ordinarily be expected, and it is often a 
matter of surprise to a deaf person to find that he hears with his 
teeth apparently better on the deaf side. 

We may now add to our reccord in this case : T.F. best R.E. 
If it had been heard equally well in both ears we would record : 
T.F.=N. (or normal). Where the defect in hearing is at al^ 
marked a specialist in ear diseases should be consulted. 

Our record in a normal case might be thus: H.D.R.E.^rl, 
H.D.L.E.=r:l.,T.F.z=N. ; or in an abnormal case it might be thns : 
H.D.R.E. = 1., lI.D.L.E.=(?o: T.F. best in R.E. This would im- 
ply that the subject was ' so deaf in the left ear as not to be able 
to hear the watch tick at all, and the fork held between the teeth 
could be heard best in the good ear, consequently his trouble is 
probably seated in the deeper structures of the ear, or in the nerve 
itself, and treatment would not be expected to help him greatly. 
The tuning fork need not be tried unless the watch tick shows some 
defect in hearing. 

To Examine the Lungs and Heart. 

Procure a Camman's Binaural Stethoscope. Before the subject 
tries any of the strength tests, let him be seated, and while the 
breathing and circulation are easy apply the stethoscope to various 
parts of the chest. The faint respiratory murmur heard every- 
where will soon become familiar, and any unusual sounds should 
be noted as abnormalities. These may be crackling, bubbling or 
whistling sounds of varying intensity. Or the respiratory mur- 
mur may be abnormally loud or entirely absent. Note whether 
these sounds change or disappear with deep breathing after violent 
exercise. 

Next listen to the heart sounds. Place the stethoscope over the 
apex of the heart, one inch below and to the right of the left nip- 
ple. Both sounds should be heard most distinctly here. Then 
place the instrument two inches above this spot and listen. Then 
place it two inches below the centre of the top of the sternum, or 
breast bone, and listen in this vicinity. Any abnormal heart 
sounds are apt to be heard most distinctly at one of these points. 



26 

In organic heart diseases rough grazing or blowing sounds are 
heard with one or both of the normal heart sounds. Take no 
notice of an arterial murmer heard loudest under the outer half of 
each collar bone, which often closely resembles an abnormal heart 
murmur, esiDccially after violent exercise. 

If all the heart sounds are natural, then let the subject take the 
arm tests of pulling up or dipping, and immediately after let him 
be seated again, and then listen to see if the heart and lung 
sounds are still natural, though intensified by the exertion just 
made. Also note any irregularity in the rhythm of the heart 
sounds or any intermission in the beat or great increase of rapidity. 
There may be such, as functional disturbances, without any or- 
ganic disease. When the breathing and heart sounds seem abnor- 
mal advise consulting a physician. 



The ESSENTIAL APPAKATus for securing these statistics, and their 
approximate cost are : 

Fairbanks's scales, $18.00 

Measure for heights, 9.00 

" ■•'■ breadths, 4.00 

Back and Leg Dynamometer, 30.00 

Hand Dynamometer, 15.00 

Lung Dynamometer, 15.00 

Lung Spirometer, 17.00 

Tapes, 1.00 

ALSO 

A Record book, $8.00 

A Stethoscope, 3.(i0 

Set of colored worsteds, 1.25 

Cards for Eye Tests, 1.00 

Two Pairs of Spectacles, 3.00 

Tuning Fork, .35 



ERRATA AND ADDENDA. 

Page 10 should follow page 7 ; page 11 should follow page 8 ; 
and page 12 should follow page 9. 

The "Anthropometric Measurements" are not an exact tran- 
script of the anthropometric committee of the A. A. P. Educa- 
tion, but are intended to meet the slight modifications of that re- 
port as they are practiced at Amherst. 



I.IDI-IMI-IT Ur U(JN«jKt:£>& 



029 726 881 8 




